TORQUE CONVERTERS 101
►
WHAT IS A TORQUE CONVERTER?
A torque converter must be used when running an automatic transmission
and is sometimes considered part of the transmission. The torque converter
is a separate entity from the transmission and serves three primary
functions. First, the torque converter, like the name denotes, transfers
engine torque to the transmission. This also allows the vehicle to come to
a complete halt without stalling. Not only does the torque converter
transfer engine torque to the transmission and the transaxle gear-train
but is also amenable for multiplying that same engine torque to the
transmission. This is the torque converter's secondary function and
results in greater vehicle performance. Thirdly, the torque converter
provides a direct-drive, or mechanical link from the engine to the
transmission. This is versed through the use of a torque-converter clutch.
►
WHAT
IS LOCKUP?
When the turbine spins slower, so does the impeller. This creates slippage
and an increased amount of heat. This greater amount of heat reduces fuel
economy and can damage the torque converter and the engine. A lockup
converter will eliminate the slippage, reducing the heat and improving
fuel economy. Ideally, the converter should lockup at a 1:1 torque ratio.
►
WHAT IS THE STATOR?
The stator assembly redirects the flow of fluid returning from the center
of the turbine into the same direction that the engine is turning the
converter pump.
► WHAT DOES THE TORQUE CONVERTER
DO?
A torque converter connects the engine to an automatic transmission. This
operates much like a clutch would function with a manual transmission. The
housing, or outer casing, of the torque converter bolts right onto the
engine and spins coupled with the engine. The torque is transmitted, and
approximately doubled from the engine to the transmission which results in
a higher degree of acceleration.
On the perimeter of the
converter not attached to the engine, the torque converter's turbine is
connected to the transmission's input shaft. Inside the converter is a
Stator Assembly. The Stator Assembly redirects the fluid flow which
results in more torque and better acceleration. The torque converter also
allows a vehicle's engine to disengage from the differential so the
vehicle can stop advancing while the engine is still running and the
transmission is in gear. Again, the torque converter functions like a
clutch in a manual transmission, releasing the engine from the
differential and allowing the vehicle to idle.
►
HOW DOES THE TORQUE CONVERTER
WORK?
The torque converter is, essentially, a fluid pump. It shares fluid with
the transmission that is pumped outward toward the outside of the torque
converter. Inside is the torque converter is an impeller. This impeller is
not unlike a small fan that uses centrifugal force to pump the
transmission fluid. The impeller faces the turbine of the engine. The
faster the turbine spins, the faster the impeller spins and, subsequently,
the more torque transferred from the engine to the transmission.
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